Magnetosphere

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Magnetosphere

• It is the region around a planet dominated by the planet’s magnetic field.
• Other planets in our solar system have magnetospheres, but Earth has the strongest one of all the rocky planets.
• The magnetosphere shields earth from solar and cosmic particle radiation, as well as erosion of the atmosphere by the solar wind – the constant flow of charged particles streaming off the sun.

Regions of the Earth’s Magnetosphere

• Bow shock – It occurs when the magnetosphere of an Earth interacts with the nearby flowing ambient plasma such as the solar wind.
• Magneto sheath – It is the region of space between the magnetopause and the bow shock of a planet’s magnetosphere.
• Magnetopause – It is the boundary between the planet’s magnetic field and the solar wind.
• Magnetotail – The sun-facing side, or dayside, extends a distance of about six to 10 times the radius of the Earth.
• The side of the magnetosphere facing away from the sun, the night side stretches out into an immense magneto tail, which fluctuates in length and its exact length is not known, this extension of the magnetosphere.
• Northern tail lobe – The magnetosphere of the earth contains two lobes, referred to as the northern and southern tail lobes. Magnetic field lines in the northern tail lobe point towards the earth.
• Southern tail lobe – The magnetic field lines in the southern tail lobes point away from the earth. Usually, the tail lobes are almost empty, with few charged particles opposing the flow of the solar wind.
• Plasma sphere – The plasma sphere, or inner magnetosphere, is a region of the Earth’s magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma.
• Solar winds – It is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona.

Formation of Earth’s Magnetosphere

• Sun is the major source of plasma deposition in space around the Earth.
• Thus, the Sun forces some of its plasma towards the earth in the form of the solar wind.
• Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe as a whole.It consists of a gas of ions and free electrons.
• The speed of solar wind varies between 300 to 1500 km/s, which carries with it a solar magnetic field, called the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF).
• The interaction of the IMF with the earth’s magnetic field creates the magnetosphere of the earth.

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Van Allen Radiation belt

• A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet’s magnetic field.
• Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created.
• The discovery of the belts is credited to James Van Allen, and as a result, Earth’s belts are known as the Van Allen belts.
• Earth’s two main belts extend from an altitude of about 640 to 58,000 km (400 to 36,040 mi) above the surface in which region radiation levels vary.

• Notable feature of Van Allen Radiation Belts are:

1. Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays.
2. By trapping the solar wind, the magnetic field deflects those energetic particles and protects the atmosphere from destruction.
3. The belts are located in the inner region of Earth’s magnetosphere.
4. The belts trap energetic electrons and protons.
5.  Other nuclei, such as alpha particles, are less prevalent.
6. The belts endanger satellites, which must have their sensitive components protected with adequate shielding if they spend significant time near that zone. Magnetosphere

Simulation Code for Magnetosphere

• Scientists at the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) have developed a generalized one-dimensional fluid simulation code capable of studying a wide spectrum of coherent electric field structures in near-earth plasma environments or earth’s magnetosphere.
• The developed simulation code is expected to help in planning of future space missions.
• The study will also lead to control fusion experiments to fulfill ever-expanding energy demands of humanity.
• The plasma processes have the ability to hamper the working of a number of satellites that have been placed in orbit in the magnetospheric region.
• However, the morphology of these plasma processes changes over space and time.
• These changes can be ideally deciphered only through computer simulations.
• The study will help advance the knowledge of plasma waves, instabilities, and coherent effects associated with wave-particle interactions that are useful in planning future space missions.
• It can also lead to precisely controlled fusion laboratory experiments for ever-expanding energy needs of humanity. Magnetosphere

Indian Institute of Geomagnetism

• Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) is an autonomous institution functioning directly under the Department of Science and Technology.
• It has its main Campus at Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra).
• It conducts basic and applied research in Geomagnetism (study of dynamics of earth’s magnetic field) and allied fields like Solid Earth Geomagnetism/Geophysics, Magnetosphere, Space and Atmospheric Sciences.
• The Institute also supports a World Data Centre for Geomagnetism (WDC, Mumbai), which is the only International center for Geomagnetic data in South Asia and caters to the needs of Space and Earth Scientists and researchers from various universities and research institutions.